Technologies applied

Water Softener

The water softener process via ion exchange removes calcium and magnesium from the water by exchanging the above-mentioned minerals with sodium ion.

The process functions as follows:

• The water enters into the tank and flows through a bed of resin beads. The beads (often made from polystyrene) are charged with sodium ion. The resin beads are anion (negative charge), while the calcium and magnesium are cations (positive charge)
• The opposite charges attract hence the minerals are attracted to the resin. As the hard water flows through the resin, the beads grab the mineral ions and remove them from the water, while it releases sodium ion into the water
• The column of resin takes all the hardness out of the water as it flows through the tank, after which softened water flows out of the water softener device.

When all the available sodium ions have been replaced with calcium or magnesium ions, the resin must be recharged using a brine solution. The regeneration has following steps:

1. Backwash: water flows through the resin in opposite direction, and output is sent to drain,
2. Brine draw: salt water is pulled from the brine tank and brine pass through the resin bed and output is sent to drain,
3. Rinse: brine water is gradually flushed out of the resin bed.

Iron and manganese removal

The iron and manganese removal is very similar to the process described above. It is done via ion exchange, but in this case the iron and manganese molecules are replaced in the water by sodium ions. However, the composition of water (calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, etc.) determines the characteristics of the water treatment systems such as the number and size of tanks and resin type.

Activated carbon filter

Activated carbon has small, low-volume pores that significantly increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions (basically a microscopic “sponge” structure). Because of the porous structure, one gram of activated carbon can have a surface area of over 3,000 m².

Activated carbon is produced by various materials (bamboo, coconut husk, willow peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal), by means of heating the products up to 1,000 ºC. It is often used in various industries for the filtration of water and air.

Sand Filter

Sand filters is one of the oldest techniques for water filtration and treatment, it reaches back to the ancient periods, even Egyptians used porous clay vessels to filter drinking water, wine and other liquids.

As fluid flows through the porous sand, the unwanted materials are captured via several mechanism: direct collision, Van der Waals force, surface charge attraction and diffusion.

Sand filters are used in various forms and sizes by various industries. Popular applied sectors include swimming pools, drinking water productions, groundwater treatment, fruit and vegetable processing industry, slaughterhouses, drinks/foods industry, surface treatment of metals, car washes, etc.

UV disinfection

Ultraviolet (UV) germicidal irradiation is disinfection technique with the help of ultraviolet light (UV) to kill or inactivate various microorganisms. UV inactivates microbes and inhibits their capacity to carry out vital functions such as growth and reproduction. Microorganisms targets include bacteria, viruses (incl. e.g. COVID-19), fungi, molds and other pathogens.

During this water treatment process, humans are not directly exposed to UV light, hence it is a safe solution for a wide range of industries such as hospitals, food & drink production, hotels & restaurants, etc.

Other Technologies

In addition to the abovementioned technologies, we employ a set of different systems to ensure the highest water quality, such as disinfection via chlorination and via ozone generation, compact water potabilization, ammonium-, iron- and mangangese removal, mechanical filters, etc.